Smelling salts are chemical compounds, typically containing ammonium carbonate or dilute ammonia, used to trigger an immediate inhalation reflex and increase alertness. They work by irritating the membranes of the nose and lungs, which causes the body to take a sudden, deep breath and stimulates the nervous system. Originally used in the Victorian era to treat fainting and “swooning,” they have transitioned into a staple for modern high-intensity sports, including powerlifting and hockey. While they provide a temporary “jolt” of awareness, they are not a medical treatment for head injuries and should be used with caution to avoid respiratory irritation.
In this comprehensive guide, you will learn about the chemistry behind these stimulants, their historical evolution from “salt of hartshorn,” their specific physiological effects on the brain and heart, and how they are used by professional athletes today. We will also cover safety protocols, legal status in various competitive organizations, and common misconceptions regarding their role in injury management.
The Chemistry of Ammonia
Smelling salts primarily consist of ammonium carbonate $(NH_4)_2CO_3$, often mixed with water and aromatic oils like lavender or lemon. In their most common commercial form, they are packaged as “aromatic spirits of ammonia,” where the chemical is dissolved in a mixture of water and ethanol. When the compound is exposed to air—often by crushing a small glass capsule—it releases pungent ammonia gas ($NH_3$). This gas is what interacts with the sensory receptors in the nasal passage to trigger a biological reaction.
Modern manufacturing typically utilizes the Haber process to create the pure ammonia required for these products. This industrial method converts atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia by reacting it with hydrogen under high pressure. The result is a highly concentrated stimulant that can be standardized for consumer safety and predictable potency. Because ammonia gas is volatile, the salts must be kept in airtight containers to prevent them from losing their strength over time.
Physiological Impact on Body
When you inhale ammonia gas, it acts as a powerful irritant to the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity and lungs. This irritation triggers the “inhalation reflex,” which causes the respiratory system to increase the rate and depth of breathing instantly. This sudden change in breathing pattern leads to improved respiratory flow and a temporary spike in blood oxygenation. The body interprets the pungent odor as a potential threat, moving the nervous system into a state of heightened sympathetic arousal.
The cardiovascular system also responds rapidly to the inhalation of these salts. Research indicates that users experience an acute increase in heart rate and cerebral blood flow velocity, which contributes to the feeling of sudden “waking up.” Unlike some stimulants, this effect does not typically result in a significant, long-term increase in blood pressure. However, the “jolt” is fleeting, usually lasting only a few minutes before the body returns to its baseline physiological state.
History of Salt Usage
The use of smelling salts dates back to ancient times, with mentions appearing in the writings of Roman scholar Pliny under the name Hammoniacus sal. During the 17th century, the substance was commonly known as “salt of hartshorn” because it was derived from the distillation of deer antlers and hooves. It eventually became a household staple in the 18th and 19th centuries, particularly among women, to counteract fainting caused by restrictive clothing like corsets.
By the early 20th century, smelling salts moved from the domestic sphere into the medical and sporting worlds. In World War I and II, they were standard issue in first-aid kits to revive unconscious soldiers or those suffering from shock. As medical science advanced, their clinical use declined in favor of more precise treatments, but they found a second life in the locker rooms of professional sports. Today, they are synonymous with the grit of powerlifting platforms and the intensity of professional hockey benches.
Smelling Salts in Hockey
In the National Hockey League (NHL), smelling salts are a ubiquitous part of the pre-game and mid-game ritual. It is estimated that a significant portion of professional players use them to “shake off the cobwebs” during long shifts or after a grueling period. Players often crack the inhalants right before stepping onto the ice to ensure they are at peak mental alertness for the first puck drop. Iconic figures like Wayne Gretzky have famously used them throughout their careers to maintain focus during high-stakes games.
The cold environment of a hockey rink can sometimes lead to a feeling of lethargy, which players use ammonia to combat. The quick burst of adrenaline helps sharpen reaction times and clears the nasal passages, which can be beneficial in a sport where split-second decisions are vital. While the salts do not provide a physical strength boost, the mental “reset” they offer is highly valued by trainers and players alike. Coaches also use them as a tool to keep the bench energized during the closing minutes of a tight match.
Powerlifting and Strength Sports
For powerlifters and strongmen, smelling salts are used as a psychological and physiological trigger before a maximal effort lift. Before a heavy squat or deadlift, a lifter will often inhale the salts to induce a “fight or flight” response, which can help overcome the mental barrier of moving extreme weights. This intense stimulus helps focus the mind and blocks out distractions in a crowded competition environment. Many lifters feel that the sudden intake of breath helps them “brace” their core more effectively for the upcoming strain.
While studies show that smelling salts may not increase absolute one-rep max strength, they can improve performance during repeated bouts of high-intensity exercise. The perceived boost in energy can help an athlete maintain power output across multiple sets. It is important to note that lifters should not rely on them to mask pain or injury, as this can lead to overexertion. The “psych-up” provided by ammonia is a tool for mental preparation rather than a substitute for proper physical training.
Safety and Potential Risks
Despite their widespread use, smelling salts are not without risks, primarily related to the caustic nature of ammonia gas. If held too close to the nose or inhaled too deeply, the gas can cause chemical burns to the nasal passages or irritation to the lungs. Users are advised to hold the inhalant at least 4 to 6 inches away from the nostrils to avoid direct contact with the concentrated vapor. Frequent use can also lead to a desensitization of the olfactory nerves, meaning the salts become less effective over time.
A critical safety warning involves the use of smelling salts for head injuries or concussions. They are strictly contraindicated for treating an athlete who has lost consciousness due to a blow to the head. The involuntary “withdrawal reflex” caused by the salts can cause the neck to jerk, potentially exacerbating a spinal or brain injury. Furthermore, the temporary alertness provided by the salts can mask the symptoms of a serious concussion, leading an athlete to return to play when they are actually at high risk for further damage.
Practical Information and Planning
Where to Buy and Costs
Smelling salts are widely available at sporting goods stores, pharmacies, and online retailers. Individual “snap” ampoules are often sold in bulk boxes of 10 to 100, while re-closable bottles are popular for powerlifting.
Average Price: $10 – $25 per pack/bottle.
Forms: Single-use capsules, bulk salt bottles, and pre-soaked pads.
How to Use Correctly
To use smelling salts safely, follow these steps:
Crack the capsule or open the bottle away from your face.
Hold the product approximately 6 inches from your nose.
Take a quick, short sniff rather than a long, deep inhalation.
Immediately close the container to preserve the chemical potency.
What to Expect
Upon inhalation, you will experience a sharp, stinging sensation in the nose followed by an involuntary deep breath. Your eyes may water, and you will feel a sudden rush of alertness and an increased heart rate. This feeling typically peaks within 15 seconds and fades after 1-2 minutes.
FAQs
Are smelling salts legal in professional sports?
Yes, smelling salts are currently legal in almost all major professional sports organizations, including the NHL, NFL, and most powerlifting federations. They are not on the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) list of prohibited substances. However, some boxing and MMA commissions have restricted their use between rounds to prevent the masking of head injuries.
Can smelling salts help with a concussion?
No, smelling salts should never be used on someone suspected of having a concussion. While they may wake a person up, they do nothing to treat the underlying brain injury and may cause a dangerous jerking motion of the neck. Medical professionals emphasize that they can mask symptoms, leading to a premature and dangerous return to activity.
How long do the effects of smelling salts last?
The primary “jolt” or rush from a smelling salt lasts for about 30 to 60 seconds. The secondary effects, such as increased respiratory rate and heightened alertness, generally dissipate within 5 to 10 minutes. Because the effect is so short-lived, athletes usually time their usage to occur immediately before their performance.
Do smelling salts expire?
Yes, smelling salts have an expiration date and will lose their potency over time. In single-use capsules, the liquid can eventually evaporate or the chemical can degrade. In bulk bottles, every time the lid is opened, some ammonia gas escapes; eventually, the salts will stop releasing enough gas to be effective.
Can you get addicted to smelling salts?
Smelling salts are not chemically addictive in the way that nicotine or caffeine is. However, some athletes develop a psychological dependence on the ritual of using them. They may feel they cannot perform at their best or reach the necessary level of “hype” without the stimulus of the ammonia.
Are there side effects to using them daily?
Daily or frequent use can lead to chronic irritation of the nasal membranes and lining of the lungs. It can also cause “ammonia anosmia,” where your sense of smell is temporarily or permanently dulled. It is best to reserve their use for actual competitions or maximal effort training sessions rather than everyday workouts.
Why do hockey players use them on the bench?
Hockey players use them to maintain a high level of arousal during a game that involves frequent transitions between intense physical effort and sitting still on the bench. The salts help clear the head and keep the nervous system “primed” for the next shift. They also help combat the lethargy that can set in from the cold arena air.
Can smelling salts cause permanent damage?
When used correctly and sparingly, they are generally safe for healthy individuals. However, if the concentrated liquid comes into contact with the skin or eyes, it can cause chemical burns. Inhaling high concentrations of ammonia in an enclosed space can also lead to more serious respiratory distress or lung damage.
What is the difference between “salts” and “inhalants”?
Technically, “smelling salts” refer to the solid crystalline form (ammonium carbonate), while “ammonia inhalants” usually refer to the liquid solution (aromatic spirits of ammonia) soaked into a pledget or contained in a glass ampoule. In common usage, the terms are used interchangeably to describe any ammonia-based stimulant.
Should I use smelling salts if I have asthma?
Individuals with asthma or other chronic respiratory conditions should avoid using smelling salts. The ammonia gas is a potent respiratory irritant that can trigger an asthma attack or cause bronchospasms. Always consult with a doctor before using chemical stimulants if you have a pre-existing medical condition.
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